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This page will be used to publicise those documents, plans,
freebies and public notices that become available from time to time.
 The Molonglo catchment extends from the Murrumbidgee River to the headwaters
of Molonglo and Queanbeyan Rivers and Jerrabomberra Creek, an area of about
200,000 Ha. The catchment landscape includes areas seriously affected by the
January 2003 bushfires and ongoing drought. Apart from the urban areas of
Queanbeyan and inner Canberra, the catchment includes villages, rural
residential areas and farmland, native and pine forests, wetlands, national
parks and the foreshores of Googong Dam, which supplies some of Canberra’s and
Queanbeyan’s water. All of these areas provide run-off that contributes to water
supply for irrigation areas and cities downstream.
We have prepared a factsheet about the Molonglo Catchment; hardcopies are
available from the MCG office, Greening Australia, Environment ACT, and Council
Offices.
Download "About the
Molonglo Catchment" Factsheet
738KB
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Getting Involved
 There
are more than 20 Landcare and Parkcare groups active within the Molonglo
Catchment. This brochure shows where the groups are working and offers
some useful hints on how to reduce the size of your footprint on our
environment.
Landcare / Parkcare is about community
and government working together, to reduce land and water degradation to develop
sustainable land use. Our environment is naturally fragile and damages easily.
Sustainable land use helps keep our land and water healthy and productive, so we
don’t risk
-
loss of plant and animal species and habitats
-
a decline in soil and
water quality and quantity, leading to losses in
agricultural production
Why should
I care?
We all depend on the land for the food we
eat, the water we drink, the clothes we wear, and our housing and recreation
needs. We all need to work together to care for our land, to maintain our
standard of living and to keep food costs down.
The brochure is available from from the MCG
office, Greening Australia, Environment ACT, and Council Offices.
Download "Getting
Involved" brochure
988KB
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Lake Burley Griffin Willow
Management Plan
  In
late 2004, the Molonglo Catchment Group in conjunction with Environment ACT (EACT),
Canberra Urban Parks and Places (CUPP), ACT Forests and the National Capital
Authority (NCA) began discussions about willow management in the Molonglo
Catchment. Through negotiations with stakeholders, funding was secured to
undertake a willow management plan for Lake Burley Griffin. Greening Australia
ACT and SE NSW in partnership with River and Rural Management Services were
contracted to put together the Lake Burley Griffin Willow Management Plan, which
was published in May, 2007.
The Plan can
be downloaded, or
viewed online.
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Glovebox guide to frogs of
the ACT region
 |
One of the most common
questions we hear in the office in Queanbeyan is "What frog is it
that looks like ... ?", especially around spring. The Molonglo
Catchment Group has published a field guide to assist in the
identification of selected frogs of the ACT and surrounding areas.
The guide has been
produced with the support of Forde Developments and with the
cooperation of Frogwatch ACT.
It is available from the
Molonglo Catchment Group office in Queanbeyan as well as the
Ginninderra Catchment Group, Southern ACT Catchment Group, Greening
Australia and through your local Landcare Group.
Download (
2.14MB)
The Group has also produced two
PlaceStories to accompany the guide:
one describing why frog calls
are the best way to identify frogs and
the other with the calls for
each featured frog.
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Glovebox guide to
Waterplants of
the ACT region
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How do you tell a weed
water plant from a native? Many water plants show luxuriant growth,
produce plenty of seed and have the ability to spread easily and may
look weedy. However, WEEDS like Alligator Weed, Soapwort and Dense
Waterweed are ‘plants growing successfully in the wrong place’.
The guide has been
produced with assistance from an ACT Government Environment Grant
along with funding from the Southern ACT Catchment Group, ACT
Waterwatch and ActewAGL.
It is available from the
Molonglo Catchment Group office in Queanbeyan as well as the
Ginninderra Catchment Group, Southern ACT Catchment Group, Greening
Australia and through your local Landcare Group.
Download (
2.36MB)
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Biodiversity in the Paddock - a land
manager's guide
by Josh Dorrough, Jacqui Stol and Sue McIntyre
"The grassy woodlands of the
south-east are an Australian icon. The widely-spaced eucalypt trees, dry grass,
stockmen, sheep, cattle, and remote homesteads are part of Australia’s national
identity."
"This booklet is about the
role that native pastures have in a landscape that was once grassy woodland but
which now supports a range of land uses."
Download (
3,945KB)
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 Managing
Native Grasslands: A guide to management for conservation, production and
landscape protection
David Eddy,
WWF
"The aim of this
booklet is to provide background information, guidance and encouragement to
managers of native grasslands. Considerable variety is found among the native
grasslands of temperate south-eastern Australia. However, many of the ecological
concepts and management requirements are common to all. This booklet is based on
experience of the NSW Southern Tablelands, but is written in general terms so
that the information might be useful throughout the NSW Tablelands and beyond.
Much of the information should also be useful to grassy woodland managers
throughout and beyond the Tablelands."
This is just one of
many, many documents available for download from the WWF website! See
www.wwf.org.au/publications.
Download (
568KB)
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 Catchment
Detox
Play Catchment Detox at
www.catchmentdetox.net.au to see
if you can repair a damaged river catchment and create a sustainable and
thriving economy.
It's an online game where you're in charge of
the whole catchment. You get to decide what activities you undertake - whether
to plant crops, log forests, build factories or set up national parks. The aim
is to fix environmental problems and provide food and wealth for the population.
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 Cultural
Heritage in the Molonglo Catchment
National Trust (ACT)
has prepared a number of brochures for self-guided heritage walks and tours of
different areas in Canberra. The brochures available free of charge in
hard copy from the National Trust (ACT) Office, from the Old Parliament House
Shop or downloaded from the
ACT National Trust
website.
Tours in the Molonglo
catchment include:
See the
ACT National Trust
website for the full list of self-guided tours.
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Botanical Resource Centre – Plant Identification at Your Fingertips |
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Not only does the Australian
National Botanic Gardens display the world’s largest collection of
Australian native plants, it is also the home of many education and
research facilities such as the Botanical Resource Centre.
Open seven days a week, the
Botanical Resource Centre is a free facility available for students,
researchers, plant surveyors, native plant enthusiasts, amateur
botanists or anyone interested in learning how to identify and discover
more about Australian plants. The Botanical Resource Centre provides
access to a range of electronic plant identifying tools, microscopes and
reference books to assist visitors to identify Australian plants.
Located within the Botanical
Resource Centre is a public reference herbarium of native and
naturalised plants of the south-east region of NSW. This library of
pressed plant specimens can be used to help identify plants of the
region.
Visitors are encouraged to
explore the large range of dried specimens in the public reference
herbarium, or to bring along their own specimens to identify and learn
about at their own pace. Please be aware of potential introduction of
pests and disease into the Gardens and only bring healthy samples,
sealed in a plastic bag, into the Botanical Resource Centre.
Need help getting started?
Every Thursday afternoon and
Sunday morning, trained facilitators are available to help new users get
started. Appointments can also be made outside these times for a one on
one training session. Please call the Visitor Information Centre for
details.
Find out more
For further information on
the Botanical Resource Centre, contact the Visitor Information Centre on
(02) 6250 9540 or email
visitorcentre at anbg.gov.au or visit
www.anbg.gov.au/brc
The Botanical Resource Centre
is open daily from 9.30 am to 4.30 pm and is accessed through the
Friends' Lounge – just pass the café to the left. |
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Self-guided walks in the
Molonglo Catchment by ACT Parks, Conservation and Lands
 As
part of the of the Get Out There campaign, ACT Parks, Conservation
and Lands publish leaflets for self-guided walks in Canberra's parks, which
allow you to explore Canberra’s parks and natural heritage at your own leisure.
Each month one of the great self-guided walks in the region is profiled as the
Feature Walk to explore and is available from the
ACT Territory and Municipal Services website
Guides for other walks
are available for download from the
ACT Territory and Municipal Services website
Maps of reserves in
Canberra Nature Park are available from the TAMS website at
www.tams.act.gov.au/play/pcl/parks_reserves_and_open_places/canberra_nature_park/canberra_nature_parks_maps
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Woodland Web
Information on native
grasslands and woodlands of southern Australia can be accessed at the new
Woodland Web website designed by researchers at Charles
Sturt
University. Visit the Woodland Web at
www.csu.edu.au/herbarium/woodlandweb/
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Atlas of Living Australia
 Australians
will be able to help researchers protect the amazing array of plants and animals
in their local area, thanks to a new online information portal.
The Atlas of Living
Australia has been developed to build a better picture of the Australian
biosphere. It already holds over 23 million records on the distribution of
Australia’s fauna and flora, in addition to maps, images and literature. Members
of the public can help to build the database by contributing local photographs
and information.
The website at,
www.ala.org.au, focuses on
Australia’s amazing plants, animals, fungi and microorganisms. It provides
access to an array of information, including species pages, names lists, ID
keys, over 23 million records, photos, mapping tools and more. But more
information about all Australian species is needed to help researchers and
others protect and manage Australia’s biodiversity. You can help by contributing
photos and information to the site.
The Atlas project is a
national scientific collaboration between the Commonwealth Scientific and
Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), the Australian natural history
collections community and the Australian Government.
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Climate tools for farmers
Two, new tools have been developed as part of a
Bureau of Meteorology project sponsored by the Managing Climate Variability
program. One tool shows a range of rainfall scenarios for most rainfall
recording stations in Australia and the other is an online product to find out
what factors are influencing the climate in their region by clicking on an
interactive map. For further details visit
www.bom.gov.au/watl
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Serrated
Tussock National Best Practice Management Manual
 The
NSW Department of Primary Industries, together with the Victorian Department of
Primary Industries and the Australian Government's Defeating the Weed Menace,
have recently published a best practice manual, resources CD and 6-page guide
for serrated tussock.
This is a great resource now available to those who wish to
know more about serrated tussock and keep up to date with research.
The guide can be downloaded from
www.weeds.org.au/WoNS/serratedtussock
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Blackberry Control Manual
 The
manual will be a valuable guide for the management and control of the weedy
blackberry species in Australia.
Designed to help provide effective
management solutions for blackberry within the context of integrated weed
management, this manual brings together detailed information about the plant
itself, as well as best practice information about existing control and
management options.
By reading this document you will
discover that there is no one best method for control; instead, there is a range
of factors that need to be considered and weighed up for each particular
situation.
The manual can be downloaded from
www.weeds.org.au/WoNS/blackberry The document has been divided into seven
files so that it can be downloaded in smaller sections to make it more
accessible to people with slow internet connections.
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Blackberry Control Brochure
 Management
and control options for blackberry (Rubus spp) in Australia
This brochure has been developed as a summary of the
National Blackberry Control Manual
(NSW Department of Primary Industries Weed Management Unit, 2009) and
uses information contained in this manual. Copies can be downloaded or
ordered from the
Weeds
Australia website.
The brochure deals with identification of Rubus
fruticosus agg. and includes a quick reference guide to distinguish
between the different groups of blackberry. It sets out the steps to
take in developing a blackberry management plan, and covers blackberry
control practices and presents a case-study in community-led action fro
long term blackberry control. |
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National Willows Management Guide
|
 Willows
(Salix spp.) are among the most serious riparian and wetland
weeds in temperate Australia. There are more than 30 different types of
willows now growing and spreading naturally and these willows can spread
in different ways and cause different levels of impacts depending on
where they establish.
For many
years, willows have often been a controversial weed to manage. The
National Willows Taskforce recognises the need to develop a balanced
approach to management that considers which willows need to be targeted,
where and when in order to reduce their negative impacts and potential
to spread into other important environments.
This
National Willows Management Guide brings together detailed
information about willows and their management to help you determine
why, what, where, when and how willows should be managed. By reading
this document, you will discover that there is no one best method, but
rather a range of factors that need to be considered and weighed up for
each particular situation.
The guide can
be downloaded from
www.weeds.org.au/WoNS/willows The document has been divided into six
files so that it can be downloaded in smaller sections to make it more
accessible to people with slow internet connections.
National
Willows Management DVD
 The
DVD is a visual and pictorial version of the National Willows Management
Guide. The DVD focuses on developing effective control programs using
examples of willow management from across Australia. It also touches on
willow impacts and the importance of planning willow management.
The DVD can be ordered from
the National Willows Coordinator -
(kelly.snell@dpi.vic.gov.au)
|
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 Sustainable
Canberra Garden
The Sustainable Canberra Garden website has
been prepared by Edwina Richardson AILA, and the Australian Institute of
Landscape Architects (AILA) with assistance from an ACT Government Environment
Grant.
The website consists of a series of fact sheets
and case studies illustrating how Canberra residents can improve the
sustainability of their gardens.
Topics addressed are about designing a
sustainable garden that:
- Reflects the Canberra Region
- Uses Water Wisely
- Incorporates Hardy Plants
- Creates Habitat
- Uses Landscape Materials Wisely
- Plans for Climate Change
- Employs Sustainable Garden Maintenance
and presents 5 case studies that demonstrate these principles.
See
www.canberragarden.com
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Birds of Canberra Gardens
 Nearly
230 bird species have been recorded in and around Canberra suburban gardens over
the past 27 years in the Canberra Ornithologists Group’s Garden Bird Survey.
The life and times of most of these
birds are described in this book, illustrated with brilliant colour photographs
and abundance graphs.
Birds of Canberra Gardens describes
the abundance and distribution of birds, and discusses how they are likely to be
found at different times throughout the year, and in different places. The book
also provides some ideas on how your garden may be made more attractive to
native birds.
Birds of Canberra Gardens is an
excellent introduction to the birds of Canberra. It demonstrates graphically the
delights of nature that are available to us here in Canberra, as long as we open
our eyes and our ears.
The book is for sale from COG
(through Martin Butterfield
martinflab at gmail.com) for $25.00.
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Greening Australia Publications
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Guidelines for collecting seed
for revegetation in ACT and surrounding region |
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Do You Know The Conservation Value of Your Revegetation
Site?
To determine where you need to source seed it is
important to know the conservation value of the site identified for
revegetation works.
The ACT has been classified into four categories based
on the conservation values:
- High Conservation Value (HCV)
- Moderate Conservation Value (MCV)
- Low Conservation Value (LCV)
- Minimal Conservation Value (MinCV)
This document defines each conservation value and
recommends where seed should be collected.
A
PDF version of Guidelines for collecting seed... is
available for download (1.38MB). |
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Protecting your patch: What is the value of a fence? |
 |
Patches of remnant native vegetation on farms are valued
by landholders for many reasons. They form an important part of the
landscape, help to manage salinity and erosion, provide shade and
shelter for stock, contribute timber and firewood as well as provide
habitat for wildlife and native plants.
Over the last decade many landholders have taken part
in incentive programs to fence their remnant patches. The goal of these
programs was to control stock grazing to encourage the conservation and
regeneration of native plants.
A
PDF version of
Protecting your Patch is available for download (925KB). |
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Sex in SPAs |
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Genetic issues in Seed Production Areas (SPAs)
Seed Production Areas (SPAs) are one solution to the
increasing demand for native seed for revegetation.
Although genetic issues are critical to the success of
SPAs, they are often perceived as complex and difficult to understand.
The goal of this brochure is to help you understand the main genetic
issues associated with SPAs.
A
PDF version of
Sex in SPAs
is available for download (314KB). |
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Whole of Paddock Rehabilitation |
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A new approach to regreening the farm
Greening Australia’s Whole of Paddock Rehabilitation (WOPR)
offers an innovative approach to combating growing land degradation
problems, restoring paddock health and providing multiple farm
production benefits. Incentives for large-scale native plant
revegetation, coupled with a fixed-term stewardship payment, will assist
land managers to better address climate change, biodiversity losses,
paddock tree decline, salinity and other land degradation issues at the
paddock level. WOPR integrates conservation and production in a
practical, cost-effective and user-friendly program.
A
PDF version of
Whole of Paddock Rehabilitation
is available for download (601KB).
|
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Aboriginal Scarred Trees in NSW : a field
manual
NSW Department of
Environment and Climate Change
 Thousands
of surviving trees in NSW bear scars resulting from removal of bark or wood by
Aboriginal people in the past for the manufacture of canoes, shields and other
artefacts. These scarred trees are one of the most common yet least understood
items of Aboriginal heritage.
'Aboriginal Scarred Trees in New South Wales'
has been written to help those who wish to record Aboriginal scarred trees or
who wish to distinguish between Aboriginal scarring and scars that are the
result of natural processes such as tree disease and lightning strikes.
Hardcopies of the publication can are also available for $10.95; visit
http://www.shop.nsw.gov.au/pubdetails.jsp?publication=7964
Download from the DECC website (
1.6MB)
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Understanding
Our Native Grasslands
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The merit of NSW’s sometimes undervalued
native grasslands is getting deserved recognition with the publication
of a booklet, Understanding Our Native Grasslands by the Natural
Resources Advisory Council (NRAC). The booklet
aims to raise community awareness about the critical role native
grasslands play in maintaining healthy soils and water, creating habitat
for animals and plants, fodder for stock and as being culturally
important for indigenous people.
In western NSW, native grassland once covered more
than 3.7 million hectares, almost half of which has been removed or
replaced since European settlement. Few of the lowland native grasslands
of central western NSW remain in their original condition and they rank
among Australia’s most threatened ecosystems.
Native grasslands have been shown to:
-
be
naturally drought tolerant and frost resistant and can help to
maintain fodder all year round;
-
provide
low input production for land managers;
-
respond
quickly to rainfall; and
-
produce
wool fleece that is softer, better in colour and of finer quality.
The booklet is available from the NRAC Secretariat
(02 9895 7334) or can be downloaded from the
Landcare Australia website (
1.84MB) |
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Revegetation Pamphlets |
| Following the success of the
Jerrabomberra Creek revegetation pamphlet, pamphlets for Burra Creek,
Molonglo River and Queanbeyan River have been produced as part of a
National Landcare Program project conducted by the Molonglo Catchment
Group - see Molonglo Catchment Strategy
Roll-out 2006-2008 (MCS Phase 3). |
|
Jerrabomberra Creek Revegetation Pamphlet
|
 |
This
pamphlet is a source of information for all individuals and groups interested in
Jerrabomberra Creek, including those who monitor water quality, Royalla
Landcare, Queanbeyan Landcare and Narrabundah Landcare groups. The pamphlet is
an initiative of the Southern ACT Catchment
Group who secured an Envirofund grant for its production and is also supported
by the Molonglo Catchment Group.
Hardcopies are available from Council Offices, Greening Australia and
Environment ACT.
(
983 KB)
|
|
Burra Creek Revegetation Pamphlet |
 |
This
pamphlet is a source of information for all individuals and groups interested in
Burra Creek, including those who monitor water quality, Royalla
Landcare, and Burra Landcare groups. The pamphlet is an initiative of the
Molonglo Catchment Group and developed as part of a National Landcare program
project. Hardcopies are available from Council Offices, Greening Australia
and Environment ACT.
(
599KB) |
|
Molonglo River
Revegetation Pamphlet |
 |
This
pamphlet is a source of information for all individuals and groups interested in
the Molonglo River, including those who monitor water quality, Queanbeyan
Landcare, Carwoola Landcare, Hoskinstown Landcare and Captains Flat Landcare groups.
The pamphlet is an initiative of the Molonglo Catchment
Group and developed as part of a National Landcare program project.
Hardcopies are available from Council Offices, Greening Australia and
Environment ACT.
(
1,314 KB) |
|
Queanbeyan River
Revegetation Pamphlet |
 |
This
pamphlet is a source of information for all individuals and groups interested in
the Queanbeyan River, including those who monitor water quality, Queanbeyan
Landcare, Burra Landcare and Jerangle / Upper Queanbeyan Landcare groups. The pamphlet is
an initiative of the Molonglo Catchment
Group and developed as part of a National Landcare program project.
Hardcopies are available from Council Offices, Greening Australia and
Environment ACT.
(
1,036 KB) |
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Although not free, books from the NSW
Department of Primary Industry offer invaluable information for prospective
small area farmers at a reasonably low price.
Visit
www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/farm/planningor click on the images below.
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Books from
the Institute for
Rural Futures
Weed
Detection and Control on Small Farms: A Guide for
Owners
 Sindel,
B. & Coleman, M. 2010. Weed Detection and Control on Small Farms: A Guide for
Owners.
This booklet is the result of a project led by Professor Sindel and funded by
Land & Water Australia in which the ‘best practice’ weed detection and control
practices used by Australian landholders and weeds officers were identified.
During this research, the project team confirmed the findings of other
research which suggests that owners of small ‘hobby’ farms find it more
difficult than professional farmers to control weeds on their land, often due to
lack of time and labour, insufficient knowledge and lack of appropriate
equipment.
Nonetheless, research also suggests that small farm owners are motivated to
improve their ability to control weeds. The booklet is designed to draw on this
enthusiasm by suggesting easy to implement methods for controlling weeds on
small farms.
It discusses the importance of controlling weeds, the principles of weed
detection (where and when to look for weeds on the farm, how to identify an
unknown plant and what to do when a new weed outbreak is found), weed control
responsibilities and methods appropriate to small farm owners, guidelines for
responsible herbicide use and accreditation, and available weed control
assistance.
The booklet is available for free download (
1.9MB) from the
Institute for Rural Futures website:
Weed Detection and Control on Small Farms: A Guide for Owners
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Soap, shampoo and your soil
(Adapted from
UrbanNRM) Greywater
use has become so widespread in many parts of Australia that it is now more a
case of who isn’t using greywater to keep their gardens alive. This is great
news for water conservation efforts. Greywater use is not an exact science,
though, and successful greywater irrigation depends on a number of factors
including soil type, plant type and ultimately which chemicals and elements make
up your greywater.
Typically, laundry and bathroom water
are the most common and safest waste waters to use depending on which products
you are using. The Alternative Technology Association (ATA), in conjunction with
Associate Professor Barry Meehan and RMIT University’s Environmental Science
Department, has completed a
study looking at the impact of bathroom products on soils (
374KB).
"The study has shown that when
bathroom greywater is to be used as a source of irrigation water, then the
selection of appropriate products is critical. It was found that the effects of
greywater on soil will vary depending on the type of soil present."
A previous study by
Lanfax Laboratories
had looked at laundry greywater. Lanfax has recently updated its
study of laundry powder detergents (
146KB) and is currently updating its study of liquid detergents. "Be
'environmentally responsible', manage your greywater for the least environmental
impact. There are NO environmentally friendly detergents, so 'choose to use'
those with least known hazards."
Understanding the effects of
greywater on soil and subsoil is important for the management of wastewater
treatment systems in rural areas. "No 'safe in septic' standards or
acceptable guidelines exist, and no laundry product can be 'environmentally
friendly'."
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Managing for and recovering from
drought - factsheets
The NSW Department of Primary Industries have released an updated series of
fact-sheets to guide planning for drought and drought recovery. They are equally
applicable in considering how to manage for the very likely climate change:
- Weed strategies following drought, fire and flood (Primefact 372)
- Grazing management following drought (Primefact 364)
- Tree management after drought (Primefact 370)
- Soil management following drought (Primefact 367)
- Winter cropping following drought (Primefact 366)
- Restocking after a drought (Primefact 395)
- Weeds - a threat to drought recovery (Primefact 365)
- Reassessing water requirements after a drought (Primefact 394)
- Animal welfare in drought (Primefact 327)
- Pasture sustainability and management in drought (Primefact 325)
- Risk management for stock owners in times of fire and flood (Primefact
380)
- Confinement feeding of cattle in drought: protecting the environment (Primefact
554)
- Assessing current pasture and vegetation conditions (Primefact 376)
- Planning for drought (Primefact 371)
See the latest publications on
www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture
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UMCCC
Publications
The Upper Murrumbidgee Catchment
Coordinating Committee has produced a number of publications tailored for small
property owners and managers in the Upper Murrumbidgee catchment.
Look after your natural assets
 |
The first edition of Look after your natural assets was produced
by members of the Geary’s Gap Wamboin Landcare Group with assistance from
Australian taxpayers through the Natural Heritage Trust.
The 3rd edition (2010) was initiated by the Upper
Murrumbidgee Catchment Coordinating Committee and supported by many local
natural resource management organisations and an ACT Environment Grant.
From the foreword by UMCCC Chair, Peter Duffy:
Everybody living out of town wants to see the country stay
alive and healthy. Keeping it that way is a big job, particularly as a lot
of country changes from broadacre farming to smaller rural residential
blocks. Lots of organisations help: Landcare and other voluntary social
groups, local councils, State and Commonwealth departments. But in the end
it comes down to what each and every one of us does and doesn’t do. Being
out of town brings responsibilities as well as the joys of space, quiet,
animals, big gardens and trees. People with a history of farming generally
know about this stuff and know how to work with their neighbours on common
problems. People who are new to the bush often need a hand to work out some
of the ins and outs of being part of a rural or semi-rural community. That’s
what this booklet is about: some hard information, some hints, some ideas,
some questions for you. We hope it helps you make the most of your block and
work in harmony with your natural and social environments.
The booklet is available through the UMCCC's
Rural Display Units in various locations around the Upper Murrumbidgee
Catchment, and at Cooma-Monaro Shire, Queanbeyan City and Palerang Council
Offices, and the Murrumbidgee CMA Queanbeyan Office.
|
|
Download Look after your natural assets - 3rd Edition
(
3.87MB) |
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Choosing and
Managing Land
 |
Choosing
and managing land is a fact sheet for people considering buying a small rural
property in the upper Murrumbidgee catchment.
Hardcopies are available from Council Offices, Greening Australia and
Environment ACT.
The fact sheet is available through the UMCCC's
Rural Display Units in various locations around the Upper Murrumbidgee
Catchment, and at Cooma-Monaro Shire, Queanbeyan City and Palerang Council
Offices, and the Murrumbidgee CMA Queanbeyan Office.
Download (
282KB) |
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Unearthing Wetlands of the Upper
Murrumbidgee... Fact Sheet for Rural Landholders
 Wetlands
are now recognised as important assets in the rural landscape. Their multiple
values and functions provide many environmental services for rural landholders
and for the catchment.
In the past wetlands
were seen as problem areas - land lost to production because of waterlogged
soils or that created difficulties with access. It was a common practice to fill
or drain boggy land without understanding its importance and value.
This fact sheet is
designed to assist rural landholders to identify and manage wetlands in the
upper Murrumbidgee catchment.
The fact sheet is available through the UMCCC's
Rural Display Units in various locations around the Upper Murrumbidgee
Catchment, and at Cooma-Monaro Shire, Queanbeyan City and Palerang Council
Offices, and the Murrumbidgee CMA Queanbeyan Office.
Download (
420KB)
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Living with Drought for Small Rural
Blocks in the Upper Murrumbidgee ... Fact Sheet for Rural Landholders
 |
The
impact of drought on small acreage and lifestyle farmers varies in its effects
and intensity. Although non-production farms may not experience the financial
hardships of traditional farmers, the struggle to safeguard pastures, protect
water resources and care for stock is universal.
This booklet is designed for owners of small
rural blocks. It provides a starting point to address issues you may have to
deal with in times of drought. Advice in this booklet is centred on good farm
planning and sustainable management of your land to help your property withstand
harsh seasons and allow it to flourish in good seasons.
This publication is divided into three
subsections: Preparing for Drought, Surviving Drought and Recovering from
Drought.
It covers topics such as:
- Planning ahead
- Looking after your trees and pastures
- Feeding stock
- Looking after your water quality
- Useful web sites, publications and
contacts.
The fact sheet is available through the UMCCC's
Rural Display Units in various locations around the Upper Murrumbidgee
Catchment, and at Cooma-Monaro Shire, Queanbeyan City and Palerang Council
Offices, and the Murrumbidgee CMA Queanbeyan Office.
Download
the fact sheet (
2.28MB) |
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Groundwater in the Upper
Murrumbidgee - understanding your bore... Fact Sheet for Rural Landholders
 |
Groundwater is water found beneath the
surface of the earth and it is an important part of the water cycle.
When it rains on land, some water evaporates, some flows into creeks and
rivers and some soaks into the soil and is used by vegetation. Excess
water may soak into the soil beyond the plant root zone until it reaches
the saturation zone. At this point all spaces in the soil and rock are
full of water.
This fact sheet discusses groundwater
in a simplified way, emphasising the relationship between groundwater
and surface water. Topics discussed include:
-
Groundwater & surface water
-
Groundwater availability
-
Groundwater recharge
-
Can I have a bore and how do I get
one?
-
How do I know the groundwater is OK to
use?
-
Where do I get my water tested?
and contains a list of useful contacts and
suggestions for further reading.
The fact sheet is available through the UMCCC's
Rural Display Units in various locations around the Upper Murrumbidgee
Catchment, and at Cooma-Monaro Shire, Queanbeyan City and Palerang Council
Offices, and the Murrumbidgee CMA Queanbeyan Office.
Download (
464KB) |
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Willow
Management - A strategy for the Upper Murrumbidgee
 From
the foreword to the Strategy by Drew English:
There is a strong history of willow management in
the upper Murrumbidgee — many of the accepted strategies and techniques began or
have been tested in the region. An early ‘Willow Warrior’ in this region, Kurt
Cremer, spent much of his later life observing, mapping and developing some of
the management techniques that are included in this strategy.
The work that Kurt began personally has been
carried on by the Upper Murrumbidgee Catchment Coordinating Committee —
documented and extended by the development of a formal position, successful
application for funding, and the appointment of two project officers during the
life of the project to date. Tom Nilsen began the role and Douglas
Kerruish has completed the writing of this strategy.
Review by Molonglo Waterwatch Coordinator, Dr
Stephen Skinner:
Yet another willows document ... but this one is
different. The scene is set and a little historical background is added. Then
there is a natural history of willows in eastern Australia and the behaviours
that make them weedy. The byzantine nature of willow identification is presented
well. The resourceful anatomy and physiology of the willow is summarised
clearly, and the disruption this causes in Upper Murrumbidgee riparian areas is
well documented. In all, Chapter 3 is a great read both as a presentation of
Salix species as what they are, and as a clear exposé of what they can and
will do in our waterways when we let them. There is an outline of the mapping
and the strategy to control the spread. The last chapter presents the status of
willows in each of the 9 catchments that make up the Upper Murrumbidgee. The
reader is engaged with both local ‘what needs to be done’ and ‘who else has
similar problems’ in a readable way with plenty of meaty information. The
reference list is comprehensive. Read this willows document! You will come away
well informed and with realistic expectations about willows management. Well
done Doug and all those who contributed!
A limited number of hardcopies of the strategy
are available. The Strategy is available on CD from the
Upper Murrumbidgee Catchment
Coordinating Committee.
The Strategy is available for download in 5 parts:
Part 1 (
5.06MB):
Executive Summary
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Developing the Strategy
Part 2 (
5.59MB):
Chapter 3: Willows and their Management
Part 3 (
4.41MB):
Chapter 4: Willow Mapping
Chapter 5: The Strategy
Part 4 (
5.47MB):
Chapter 6: Management Recommendations and
Priorities
Part 5 (
2.62MB):
References and Further Reading
Appendices
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Peri-Urban Weed
Management Study
Exploring Agents of Change to Peri-urban Weed Management
Darryl Low Choy and Jo Harding
 Rural
lifestyle landowners occupy peri-urban areas—the non-urban landscape close to
urban or regional centres. These landowners do not derive their living directly
from their properties as they have chosen these locations essentially for
‘lifestyle’ purposes. Because the rural lifestyle is increasingly popular, the
landowners are key stakeholders in future landscape management.
The management of invasive species is of increasing concern to
land managers. National and state listed weeds are a particular threat to
agricultural production and biodiversity. This study has confirmed that rural
lifestyle landowners are often limited their ability to respond to weed issues
on their properties. These limitations are due to a lack of awareness, lack of
knowledge of the problem, different value sets from those of traditional rural
landowners, and a lack of time and resources. It has, however, been noted that
this new wave of rural lifestyle landowners tend to be typically well-educated,
have high incomes, and value natural landscapes.
To ensure that future weed management strategies are successful
in this new and changing rural landscape, management agencies will need to fully
engage this critical group of emergent landscape managers.
Download (
1.47MB)
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Rural Landholder’s Guide To
Environmental Law in NSW - 2nd Edition
 The
Environmental Defenders Office has produced second edition of the “Rural Landholder’s
Guide to Environmental Law”. This publication is designed to help
landholders understand their legal rights and manage their land in accordance
with environmental and natural resource management law.
The topics covered in this booklet include:
- vegetation management
- protected plants and animals
- bushfire management
- water management
- development consent
- pollution
- agricultural chemicals
- crops and stock
- mining and quarrying
- heritage protection
- voluntary conservation.
The
60 page guide (
1.42B) is available at:
www.edo.org.au/edonsw/site/publications.php or by contacting
the Environmental Defenders Office on 1800 626 239.
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New publications
from EDO NSW
The Environmental Defender’s Office (NSW) Ltd is a
not-for-profit community legal centre specialising in public interest
environmental law. The EDO helps individuals and community groups who are
working to protect the natural and built environment. The EDO is part of a
national network of EDOs who
help to protect the environment through law in their States.
EDO NSW has recently released a number of new and updated
publications:
- A Guide to Private Conservation in NSW
- The Major Projects Toolkit
- Climate change and the legal framework for biodiversity
protection in Australia: a legal and scientific analysis
- Climate change and the legal framework for biodiversity
protection in NSW: a legal and scientific analysis
Visit the EDO website at
www.edo.org.au/edonsw/site
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Birds in
Backyards
The Birds in Backyards website,
www.birdsinbackyards.net,
is designed to link old and new bird
lovers alike into the magic of Australian birds. An initiative of the
Sydney-based Birds in Backyards program supported by Birds Australia and the Australian Museum, the site is focused on urban
birds, habitats and conservation issues and is relevant for the 85% of
Australians who live in urban areas. Special Features include:
The Birds in Backyards Bird
Finder, is the first comprehensive tool to help you name that elusive
bird on-line. It allows users to enter the size, shape and colour of a
bird. This prompts identification of your bird, from an initial database
of 150 species found in Sydney and other Australian east coast cities,
with work underway on the final target of 800. You can also listen to
the calls of 120 species
Who will hear the first Koel of Spring?
Where are all the
Superb Fairy-wrens?
- Birds in Backyards guidelines, relevant
for any gardener wishing to create and sustain bird habitat in any area from
domestic gardens in high-density urban landscapes to those of rural
townships. There is a suite of guideline for:
- Domestic Gardeners
- Schools
- Bushland Managers
- Councils and Planners
- Landscape Architects
- Street Tree Planners
- Open Space Managers
The guidelines can be accessed at
www.birdsinbackyards.net/spaces/guidelines.cfm
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Florabank
website
Florabank aims to increase the availability of
high quality native seed for large scale revegetation projects across Australia
and bring people together to share information and resources about seed
management.
Florabank
recognises and shares the best available knowledge from research and practice in
native species seed management. Florabank supports a professional and
clever seed industry, encouraging quality and choice for buyers of native
Australian seed.
The website includes best available knowledge
from research and practice in native species seed management.
Florabank develops
locally and regionally adaptable online decision support tools on the website
for the native seed industry including a:
- Vegetation management selector, helping
NRM practitioners to determine the best revegetation option for their site
or project objectives;
- Species Selector Key, using the Lucid
software to allow revegetators in pilot regions to select appropriate
species for their site and purpose;
- Best Practice Seed Collection Key,
enabling the collector to maximise genetic diversity at their collection
sites or collect from species provenance ranges for revegetation sites where
local provenance is important;
- Site Description Tool, guiding enabling
users to best describe their revegetation site; and
- Links to Greening Australia's Native
Vegetation Resource Directories with up to date information on native seed
research, best management practices, and key references.
Foster a market of "premium price for premium
seed" by recognising different standards of seed collection, handling and
storage procedures.
Visit
www.florabank.org.au
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Integrated Vegetation website
updated
The Integrated
Vegetation web site
http://data.brs.gov.au/mapserv/intveg/index.html
contains current regional NRM boundaries for all states and territories as well
as summary vegetation profile for each NRM region. Veg profiles are available as
a pdf file and can be accessed through the Vegetation Profile button on the left
hand side of the screen immediately below the vegetation map for individual
regions (you will need to navigate to a region to see the map). The profiles
provide basic stats on area, population size and trend, climate zones, major
towns, land use and production value for each NRM region.
Note for users - The
information is potentially valuable but its presentation is rather low key.
Unfortunately the web site does not provide a feedback mechanism but
Gerry Maynes is happy to forward
any comments on. Gerry suggests that it needs a short lead in description
of what information is available through the profiles so users know it is
available.
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Australian Soil Resource
Information System
The Australian Government recently announced the new Australian Soil Resource
Information System (ASRIS). ASRIS is a product of the Australian Collaborative
Land Evaluation Program, a partnership between CSIRO, the National Land and
Water Resources Audit and all Australian States and Territories.
The ASRIS site is designed as an interactive web
tool to give Australian farmers new productivity gains through access to world’s
best practices and technology. It will provide information to enable regional
natural resource management groups to plan, monitor and evaluate their
investments in soil management. ASRIS can be accessed online at
www.asris.csiro.au and further advice is
available from CSIRO on 02 6246 5922 or email
aclep at
csiro.au
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Catchment Modelling toolkit
More than 20 products are now available in the Catchment Modelling Toolkit
developed by the Cooperative Research Centre for Catchment Hydrology. The
toolkit can be accessed at www.toolkit.net.au
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Weeds management
game and competition for schools
Please notify teachers - ‘Weed Wipeout’ (an interactive computer game)
for junior secondary students has been developed by the Cooperative Research
Centre for Weed Management for schools nationwide
Further
information can be accessed at
www.weeds.crc.org.au click on
Education and Training, then For Schools
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Understanding
Canberra's wetlands
A school curriculum program for the study of constructed
urban wetlands
 The
ACT Department of the Environment, Climate Change, Energy and Water and the ACT
Department of Education and Training have produced a 56 page coloured booklet on
constructed and natural wetlands. Units of work are provided for early
childhood, later childhood, early adolescence and later adolescence. They focus
on three essential learning achievements:
ELA 2 - The student understands and
applies the inquiry process
ELA 19 - The student understands and
applies scientific knowledge
ELA 20 - The students acts for an
environmentally sustainable future
These units build understanding of what a wetland is and the
place of wetlands in larger systems. They explore the practice of managing urban
stormwater by constructing urban wetlands.
In order to understand that the Canberra region hosts a
diverse array of wetlands, information is provided on sites such as the
Jerrabomberra Wetlands, Ginini Flats, Nursery Swamp, Horse Park and Lake George.
A case study focuses on the David St, O'Connor urban wetland, constructed in
2001.
Understanding Canberra's wetlands: a school curriculum program
for the study of constructed urban wetlands (2010) - can be downloaded from the
ACT Department of Environment, Climate Change, Energy and Water website.
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Reducing the current
risk of serrated tussock expansion
Lori McWhirter, Agronomist, DPI Goulburn and
Sherryl Broderick, National Serrated Tussock Coordinator have released a fact
sheet about reducing the current risk of tussock expansion.
Research indicates that serrated tussock
germinates mainly in autumn but can germinate throughout the year given adequate
soil moisture and temperature. When they first germinate tussocks are only one
fine leaf blade and are difficult to see. However, the seedling stage is the
weakest part of the lifecycle and the most effective time for preventing
expansion. In the coming months, germinating seeds may have little competition
for soil moisture, nutrients and light.
The best chance of preventing further spread of
infestations is to promote rigorous competitive pastures and to maintain a
rigorous mechanical or chemical control program to prevent growth and seeding.
The fact sheet advises assessment of the proportion of groundcover to enable
concentration on rehabilitating areas at the greatest risk of invasion.
(
84 KB)
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The Flora of South-East Yarrowlumla - A Preliminary Assessment (Peter
Barrer, 1997)
 This survey of native vegetation in the south-east of the Yarrowlumla Shire (now
Palerang Council local government area) was carried out to map and describe the
existing remnants by Peter Barrer in 1994-95.
Plant species and floristic diversity were sampled over 15 sites or localities
within the study area,
and details of one further site were obtained from the literature. In excess of
350 native plant
species have been recorded in the study area, most during the present study.
Forty-six plant species are described as being of conservation significance
because they are either threatened, rare or uncommon on a national, state,
regional or local basis.
Areas of remnant vegetation were assessed for their significance in terms of
size, plant diversity, faunal habitat or potential as a wildlife corridor.
Particularly significant areas were recommended for further ecological
assessment.
A number of recommendations are made regarding the conservation of existing
remnant vegetation and areas for further study.
This project was carried out with funding from the Australian Nature
Conservation Agency through the Save the Bush and One Billion Trees grants
scheme. Peter Barrer carried out the majority of field work, and provided
the bulk of the text for this report which was finalised after Peter passed away in
1997. Guidance and support for the project were provided by the Stoney Creek
Landcare Group (now Carwoola Landcare Group).
The report is available for downloading - caution
large file. Hardcopies are available from
Carwoola Landcare Group for $10 plus postage.
 (
1,360KB)
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The Bushlands of Mt Foxlow
- Harrisons Peak - A Preliminary Ecological Assessment (Nicki Taws, 1998)
 A survey of the flora of south-east Yarrowlumla Shire carried out by Peter
Barrer in 1994-95 identified a 10,000 hectare block of bushland around Mt Foxlow
- Harrisons Peak as being of particular conservation significance and worthy of
a more detailed ecological assessment.
The first stage of a three stage study of the bushlands was completed in 1997,
assessing the ecological qualities and values of the study area. In particular,
significant plant species, associations and faunal habitats were identified, and
management guidelines in relation to planned burning in the area have been
proposed.
The bushlands contain a range of vegetation types including small areas of wet
sclerophyll forest and wet heath - shrubland, intermediate sclerophyll forest,
dry sclerophyll forest, and savannah woodlands. Within the vegetation types a
range of vegetation associations were identified and mapped.
This project was carried out with funding from the Australian Nature
Conservation Agency through the Save the Bush grants scheme for the Stoney Creek
Landcare Group (now Carwoola Landcare Group).
The report is available for downloading - caution
large file. Hardcopies are available from
Carwoola Landcare Group for $10 plus postage.
(
1,298KB)
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Best Practice Guidelines for Urban Irrigation
In a first for the water industry in Australia, a national set of best
practice guidelines for urban irrigation and home garden irrigation was
developed in 2006. This major achievement for the industry is the result of a
project funded by the Water Services Association of Australia and the Irrigation
Association of Australia.
The Guidelines come in two parts:
Guide to Good Garden Watering: a 4-page publication is a simple
reference for home gardeners and provides basic information about irrigating
home gardens. Download your free copy
Guide to Good Garden Watering (
2.5MB).
Urban Best Management Practice Guidelines : a publication
intended as a guide for the commercial irrigation sector for $33 .
Visit the
Irrigation Association of Australia website for more information.
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BUSHWISE
IN QUEANBEYAN:
living with bushland
 Bushwise
in Queanbeyan: living with bushland is a practical community resource aimed
at helping residents to reduce their impact on bushland as well as encouraging
sustainable living to help protect the natural environment.
The book contains information on Queanbeyan’s special
relationship with bushland, local native flora and fauna, sustainable gardening
and issues related to water and fire.
The information in this book was compiled with the help of local
scientific, landscape and landcare experts, rangers, residents, officers of
Queanbeyan City Council and senior students and staff from the University of
Canberra.
It is based on feedback from a survey of Queanbeyan residents
conducted in 2005 to determine interest in issues related to living with
bushland and to identify information that residents would like to have.
This project has been assisted by the New South Wales Government
through the Our Environment – It’s a Living Thing program and is a joint
initiative of Queanbeyan City Council and Carwoola Landcare Group.
Bushwise in Queanbeyan: living with bushland is a free book. It will
be distributed in early August 2006 to all Queanbeyan residents whose properties
are next to bushland.
For those Queanbeyan residents who do not receive a copy, further copies may
be obtained at the Environmental Services counter at 257 Crawford St, Queanbeyan
City Library, the Tourist Information Office or the Queanbeyan Nursery. It
may also be downloaded from the Queanbeyan City Council website.
Download
Bushwise in Queanbeyan: living with bushland (
9.3MB)
If you have any enquiries about Bushwise in Queanbeyan: living with
bushland, please contact Natasha Abbott of Council’s Environmental Services,
on 6298 0268.
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Life in the
Suburbs
Promoting urban biodiversity in the ACT
 The
Life in the Suburbs project is an initiative of the Australian National
University (ANU) in partnership with the ACT Government, the Australian National
Botanical Gardens (ANBG), CSIRO, National Museum of Australia, National Capital
Authority, and the Sullivans Creek Catchment Group. The initiative is supported
by the Australian Government’s Natural Heritage Trust.
The project commenced in 2002 with the
Lower Sullivans Creek Catchment Ecological Survey (LSCCES). The survey,
Australia’s first comprehensive ecological survey of an urban study site, aimed
to learn more about the fauna of the urban sub-catchment, and the role of urban
landscapes in providing habitat for local species.
Urban Habitat Guidelines for the ACT (
2067KB)
Provides a guide to understanding the importance of urban
habitat. The Guideline includes principles for managing urban habitat, steps to
reduce human induced threats to urban biodiversity, and practical guidelines for
developing habitat gardens and landscapes. The guideline includes many links to
ACT specific information, educational resources and contacts.
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Horses Land & Water
Management guidelines
The Horses Land and Water Community
of Practice is a group of like-minded people who share information about a set
range of topics, in this case, horse keeping and good land management practices.
The Horses Land and Water Management guidelines for whole of property, paddock
management and intensive horse keeping can be accessed at
www.horseslandwater.com.
Other resources available include workshops, forums
and newsletters.
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Responsible Horse Ownership
Horse property management
When you buy or lease land on which to keep your
horses you generally do so to provide an environment for them which is safe,
provides room for movement and preferably is able to provide them with pasture
on which to graze. However you also have additional responsibilities to manage
that land so that it does not become degraded and cause problems for the wider
environment. The good news is that by responding to and meeting this extra
responsibility you provide benefits for yourself, your horses, your neighbours
and, of course, the land. The horse property management section of the
Equiculture
website introduces you to some of the knowledge that you need for good
property management and all the benefits that that brings.
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Weeds website: Weeds in
Australia
 On
Wednesday 19th September, Better Homes and Gardens’ Graham Ross joined
the Australian Government in calling on all Australians to think about how
plants in their garden could be contributing to one of the nation’s greatest
environmental problems – the spread of weeds.
With the Minister for Conservation, Senator Eric Abetz, and the Assistant
Minister for the Environment and Water Resources, John Cobb, Mr Ross launched a
new website - www.weeds.gov.au - to help
people identify which plants can be a problem in their local area, and to
provide advice on how to manage them.
The website is part of a national campaign to highlight the problem of weeds
and to prevent their spread into the environment.
“Some of the most invasive weeds in our environment have escaped from gardens
into adjoining bushland, waterways and national parks,” Senator Abetz said. “Of
the 20 weeds identified as Australia’s worst, 16 were introduced for ornamental
purposes.
“Weeds are now a $4 billion annual drain on agriculture in lost production
and weed control costs.”
 “Most Australians love the bush and have a strong desire to do the right
thing.”
How you can help
Weeds are a problem for everyone. We can all
take action to defeat the weed menace.
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FeralScan
On Australia Day, 2011, the Invasive Animals
Cooperative Research Centre in partnership with many key groups released a new
and improved RabbitScan website and a new online mapping tool for anybody to use
anywhere in Australia – see
www.feralscan.org.au/rabbitscan
The website contains improved facilities for anyone
with a rabbit problem, including on-line resources, links to funding grants you
may be eligible for, information on rabbit control and monitoring damage, and
support agencies in your local area. The website will also soon provide a photo
gallery for rabbit management photos.
Feedback previously provided has also been used to
re-develop the RabbitScan Google mapping tool to allow you to map rabbit
sightings, rabbit damage and/or control being used for rabbits in your local
area. This will enable you to create a Rabbit Management Map for your local
area. We encourage you to revisit the web-site to learn more about what it can
provide.
Previously registered users need not register again
– registration details have been retained except for password. (You will need to
obtain a new password using the Forgot Password page on the website.) Your
previous sighting data will also be accessible for you to review/update, and new
records can easily be entered by following the Online Instructions.
Once logged in, please update your details (as appropriate) by clicking the My
Profile button.
We welcome and encourage you to enter new rabbit
sightings, damage data or control information into RabbitScan to create a rabbit
management map for your local area. This will also help to track changes in
rabbit populations across Australia.
FeralScan is a new
‘citizen science’ project providing a free national web-based feral animal
mapping and reporting tool that will have direct benefits to farmers, community
groups and individuals managing pests and their impacts.
Purpose
- Engage the community in ‘citizen science’ for online
mapping of feral animals and their impacts across Australia with pin-point
accuracy, backed by a national awareness and education campaign.
- Provide a free web-based mapping and reporting tool to
allow farmers, community groups, indigenous groups, schools, individuals and
non-government organisations to scan, map and report information on feral
animals and the damage they cause.
- Provide an online forum for anyone to share knowledge and
information on feral animals and their impacts, and access essential
information to support best-practice pest animal management.
- Help to build a better picture about feral animals and
the impacts/problems they are causing around Australia to our farmers,
industries, urban areas, parks and reserves, significant sites, recreation
areas, environment, culture and biodiversity.
Species
Over the coming 6 months, FeralScan will provide species
scanning web-sites for many species including:
- Rabbits – RabbitScan
- Foxes – FoxScan
- Feral Camels – CamelScan
- Wild Dogs – WildDogScan
- Feral Pigs –FeralPigScan
- Common (Indian) Myna birds – MynaScan
- Feral Goats – FeralGoatScan
- Cane Toads – CaneToadScan
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